The rural issues have always received attention from the Chinese government\. Since the opening\-up policy in1 1978\. China\'s agricultural development\, rural areas and the structure of the rural population have undergone tremendous changes\. China has the largest agricultural population in the world and in 2021\, it lifted 770 million rural people out of poverty\, making significant contributions to global poverty reduction efforts\. As a developing country\, China\'s rural social security system has gradually been established after 2000\. As of 2022\, China has a social security system that covers all residents\, which is a remarkable achievement\. However\, the social security benefits for Chinese farmers currently have significant disparities\, especially in retirement and pension benefits compared to urban residents\.\nThis book systematically explores the legal system evolution and improvement of China\'s rural social security system\. especially in terms of the legal protection of farmers\' retirement and pension rights\, from historical\, legal\, and comparative legal perspectives\. It provides the latest research findings of Chinese scholars on how developing countries can establish a sound and equal social security system\.