New quality productive forces, driven by technological innovation, represent a form of

productivity aligned with high-quality economic development. In this context, the energy

industry will play an increasingly important role. On the one hand, the energy industry

serves as a pillar supporting economic and social development. In the process of

comprehensively developing new quality productive forces, it is necessary to provide a

low-carbon, stable and safe energy supply for all walks of life. Ensuring energy security

during the energy transition is crucial for supporting the development of new quality

productive forces. On the other hand, addressing climate change and constructing a new

energy system poses new challenges, as the uncertainty and complexity of the energy

systems are increasing day by day. It is urgent to cultivate and develop new quality

productive forces to enhance energy security. However, it still faces a series of severe

challenges to accelerate the process of energy transitions, form new quality productive

forces, and take energy security into account. Therefore, it is imperative to clarify the current

situation and challenges of energy transition from the perspective of new quality productive

forces, and scientifically and reasonably formulate countermeasures to promote the

development of new quality productive forces across the energy field and society as a whole.

Contents

Chapter 1 New Energy Development: The Innovation Engine of New Quality Productive

Forces...................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 New Energy Industry Chain ...................................................................................... 2

1.1.1 Dialectical Relationship between New Energy Industry and New Quality

Productive Forces.................................................................................................... 3

1.1.2 Current Development Status of New Energy Industry ................................... 6

1.1.3 Challenges Faced by the New Quality Productive Forces in the

Development of the New Energy Industry .............................................................. 8

1.1.4 Policy Recommendations for the Development of New Quality Productive

Forces in the New Energy Industry ....................................................................... 14

1.2 Wind Power and Photovoltaic Industry ................................................................... 20

1.2.1 The Intrinsic Logic between New Quality Productive Forces and the

Development of Wind Power and Photovoltaic Industry ...................................... 21

1.2.2 Current Development Status of Wind Power and Photovoltaic Industry...... 28

1.2.3 Challenges to the Development of Wind Power and Photovoltaic Industry. 32

1.2.4 Policy Recommendations for Cultivating New Quality Productive Forces in

Wind Power and Photovoltaic Industry ................................................................. 35

1.3 Distributed Photovoltaics ........................................................................................ 39

1.3.1 The Intrinsic Logic between Distributed Photovoltaic and New Quality

Productive Forces.................................................................................................. 40

1.3.2 Development Status of China’s PV Industry ............................................. 42

1.3.4 Policy Recommendations for Coordinating China ’ s Distributed

Photovoltaic Layout............................................................................................... 51

1.4 Green Hydrogen Industry ........................................................................................ 561.4.1 Practical Significance of Cultivating the new quality productive Force of the

Green Hydrogen Industry ...................................................................................... 58

1.4.2 Current Development Status of the Green Hydrogen Industry..................... 61

1.4.3 Potential Challenges in the Medium-to-Long-Term Development of the

Green Hydrogen Industry ...................................................................................... 64

1.4.4 Policy Recommendations for Promoting the Formation and Development of

New Quality Productive Forces in the Green Hydrogen Industry......................... 71

1.5 Nuclear Energy Industry.......................................................................................... 76

1.5.1 The Significance of High-quality Development of the Nuclear Energy

Industry from the Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces........................ 77

1.5.2 Evolution and Current Status of China’s Nuclear Energy Industry ........... 81

1.5.3 Challenges to the High-quality Development of the Nuclear Energy Industry

from the Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces ...................................... 85

1.5.4 Policy Recommendations for High-quality Development of the Nuclear

Energy Industry from the Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces............ 90

1.6 Energy Storage Industry .......................................................................................... 96

1.6.1 Key Role of the Energy Storage Industry in the Development of New

Quality Productive Forces..................................................................................... 98

1.6.2 Current Development Status of China’s Energy Storage Industry........... 100

1.6.3 Challenges to the Development of China’s Energy Storage Industry from

the Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces............................................. 104

1.6.4 Policy Recommendations for China’s Energy Storage Industry from the

Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces................................................... 110

1.7 Electric Vehicle Industry ....................................................................................... 115

1.7.1 Electric Vehicle as a Typical Representation of the Development of New

Quality Productive Forces................................................................................... 1161.7.2 Current Development Status of Electric Vehicle Industry.......................... 121

1.7.3 Challenges to the Development of Electric Vehicle from the Perspective of

New Quality Productive Forces........................................................................... 123

1.7.4 Policy Recommendations for the Development of Electric Vehicle from the

Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces................................................... 129

1.8 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure ............................................................... 134

1.8.1 The Significance of Charging Infrastructure Construction from the

Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces................................................... 135

1.8.2 The Development Prospects of Charging Infrastructure from the Perspective

of New Quality Productive Forces ...................................................................... 137

1.8.3 Problems and Challenges in the Construction of Charging Infrastructure

from the Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces .................................... 144

1.8.4 Policy Recommendations for Charging Infrastructure Construction from the

Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces................................................... 149

Chapter 2 Digital and Intelligent Upgrades: the Core Dynamics of New Quality Productive

Forces.................................................................................................................................. 162

2.1 Digital Technology and Energy Industry Chain .................................................... 163

2.1.1 The Role of Digital Technology and Energy Industry Chain Transformation

from the Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces .................................... 165

2.1.2 Current Status and Significance of Digital Technology and Energy Industry

Chain Transformation from the Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces 168

2.1.3 Challenges in the Transformation of Digital Technology and Energy Chain

from the Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces .................................... 173

2.1.4 Policy Recommendations for Driving the Development of New Quality

Productive Forces Development through Digital Technology and Energy Industry

Chain Transformation.......................................................................................... 1772.2 Digital Twin and New Power System.................................................................... 181

2.2.1 The Significance of Digital Twin to the Power System from the Perspective

of New Quality Productive Forces ...................................................................... 182

2.2.2 Application Scenarios and Current Status of Digital Twin in Power System185

2.2.3 Challenges Faced by the Power System in Forming new quality productive

Forces Through Digital Twin............................................................................... 191

2.2.4 Policy Recommendations for Digital Twin to Facilitate New Quality

Productive Forces in Power System.................................................................... 194

2.3 AI Technology and Energy Transition ................................................................... 199

2.3.1 The Logical Relationship among AI, New Quality Productive Forces and

Energy Transition ................................................................................................ 201

2.3.2 Background and Current Status of AI-enabled Development of New Quality

Productive Forces in the Energy Industry............................................................ 205

2.3.3 Problems and Challenges of AI-enabled Development of New Quality

Productive Forces in the Energy Industry............................................................ 211

2.3.4 Policy Recommendations for AI-enabled Development of New Quality

Productive Forces in the Energy Industry............................................................ 216

2.4 Digital Finance and Carbon Inclusive Cooperation Network................................ 222

2.4.1 Carbon Inclusive Cooperation Network as a Demand-side Driving Force for

New Quality Productive Forces........................................................................... 224

2.4.2 Current Status and Trends of Carbon Inclusive Cooperation Network ...... 226

2.4.3 Challenges in Constructing a Carbon Inclusive Network from the

Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces................................................... 229

2.4.4 Policy Recommendations for Constructing a Carbon Inclusive Cooperation

Network from the Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces...................... 235

2.5 Energy Electronics Industry .................................................................................. 2412.5.1 Strategic Interaction between Energy Electronics Industry and New Quality

Productive Forces................................................................................................ 242

2.5.2 Current Development Status of Energy Electronics Industry..................... 246

2.5.3 Challenges to the Energy Electronics Industry........................................... 248

2.5.4 Policy Recommendations for the Development of New Quality Productive

Forces in Energy Electronics Industry................................................................. 253

Chapter 3 Construction of a New Power System: Fundamental Support for New Quality

Productive Forces................................................................................................................ 269

3.1 Smart Grids............................................................................................................ 270

3.1.1 Discussion and Explanation of Smart Grids and New Quality Productive

Forces of the Power Grid..................................................................................... 271

3.1.2 Current Development Status of Smart Grids.............................................. 275

3.1.3 Challenges in the Development of Smart Grids......................................... 278

3.1.4 Policy Recommendations for Promoting the Formation of New Quality

Productive Forces in Smart Grids........................................................................ 281

3.2 Rural Smart Microgrids......................................................................................... 286

3.2.1 The Role of Rural Smart Microgrids from the Perspective of New Quality

Productive Forces................................................................................................ 287

3.2.2 Current Development Status of Domestic and Foreign Smart Microgrids. 292

3.2.3 Challenges to the Development of Rural Smart Microgrids from the

Perspective of New Quality Productive Force..................................................... 295

3.2.4 Policy Recommendations for Promoting the Development of Rural Smart

Microgrids........................................................................................................... 299

3.3 Demand Side Management of Electricity.............................................................. 303

3.3.1 The Role of New Quality Productive Forces in Promoting Demand

Response Mechanisms......................................................................................... 3043.3.2 Current Development Status of Demand Response Mechanisms............... 308

3.3.3 Challenges in the Integrating Demand Response with New Quality

Productive Forces................................................................................................ 312

3.3.4 Policy Recommendations for Promoting Demand Response from the

Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces................................................... 318

3.4 User-side Energy Storage ...................................................................................... 323

3.4.1 The Role of User-side Energy Storage in Cultivating New Quality

Productive Forces in the Power System .............................................................. 324

3.4.2 Implementation Status and Opportunities of User-side Energy Storage .... 328

3.4.3 Challenges Faced by the Development of User-side Energy Storage from the

Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces................................................... 337

3.4.4 Policy Recommendations for Supporting the Development of New Quality

Productive Forces in Power System through User-side Energy Storage ............. 342

3.5 Electric Energy Substitution.................................................................................. 348

3.5.1 The Interactive Relationship between New Quality Productive Forces and

Electric Energy Substitution................................................................................ 350

3.5.2 Current Development Status of Electric Energy Substitution .................... 354

3.5.3 Challenges of Electric Energy Substitution from the Perspective of New

Quality Productive Forces................................................................................... 357

3.5.4 Policy Recommendations for Promoting Electric Energy Substitution from

the Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces............................................. 363

Chapter 4 Energy Security: An Important Guarantee for New Quality Productive Forces. 375

4.1 Transition of Energy Structure............................................................................... 376

4.1.1 Potential Energy Security Issues Arising from Constraints in China’s

Energy System During the Carbon Neutrality Process........................................ 378

4.1.2 Energy Transition Plan Addressing Potential Energy Security Issues........ 3824.1.3 Policy Recommendations for Balancing Energy Transition and Energy

Security at Different Stages................................................................................. 385

4.2 Extreme Weather and New Power Systems........................................................... 389

4.2.1 The Intrinsic Logic of Stable Supply of New Power Systems and New

Quality Productive Forces in Energy Industry .................................................... 390

4.2.2 Current Development Status of Weather-induced Power Shortage ............ 391

4.2.3 Challenges of Extreme Weather to the Development of New Quality

Productive Forces in Energy Industry ................................................................. 394

4.2.4 Policy Recommendations for Cultivating New Energy Productivity to

Address Electricity Shortages.............................................................................. 398

4.3 Coal-Fired Power Generation Capacity................................................................. 406

4.3.1 The Role of Coal-Fired Power Generation Capacity in Supporting the

Development of New Quality Productive Forces................................................ 407

4.3.2 Challenges Faced by Coal-Fired Power Generation Capacity in Supporting

the Development of New Quality Productive Forces.......................................... 410

4.3.3 Policy Recommendations for Adjusting Coal-fired Power Generation

Capacity to Support the Development of New Quality Productive Forces ......... 413

4.4 Coal Supply Security............................................................................................. 416

4.4.1 The Intrinsic Logic among New Quality Productive Forces, Energy Security

and Coal Supply Security .................................................................................... 417

4.4.2 Current Status of Coal Supply and Demand in China from the Perspective of

New Quality Productive Forces........................................................................... 423

4.4.3 Challenges Facing the Security of China’s Coal Supply from the

Perspective of New Quality Productive Forces................................................... 428

4.4.4 Policy Recommendations for Ensuring Coal Supply Security and Promoting

the Development of New Quality Productive Forces.......................................... 4334.5 Oil and Gas Resource Supply................................................................................ 437

4.5.1 Realizing the Security of Oil and Gas Resource Supply through New

Quality Productive Forces................................................................................... 438

4.5.2 Current Development Status of China’s Oil and Gas Resource Supply .. 441

4.5.3 Realistic Challenges of Empowering Oil and Gas Resource Secure Supply

with New Quality Productive Forces................................................................... 443

4.5.4 Policy Recommendations for Empowering Oil and Gas Resource Secure

Supply with New Quality Productive Forces ...................................................... 446

4.6 Global Energy Supply ........................................................................................... 448

4.6.1 Analysis of Causes of Global Energy Supply Instability............................ 449

4.6.2 Challenges to the Development of New Quality Productive Forces in China’

s Energy Industry due to Global Energy Supply Instability ................................ 452

4.6.3 Policy Recommendations for Addressing Global Energy Supply Instability454

4.7 Clean Energy Metal Supply................................................................................... 457

4.7.1 Clean Energy Metals and new quality productive Forces: Collaborative

Development and Value Enhancement ................................................................ 458

4.7.2 Current Status of China’s Clean Energy Metal Supply Chain ................. 461

4.7.3 Challenges to the Security of China’s Clean Energy Metal Supply......... 465

4.7.4 Policy Recommendations for Ensuring the Security of China’s Clean

Energy Metal Supply........................................................................................... 469